Сталин умер 70 лет назад. Это важная дата не только с исторической, но и с политической точки зрения. История событий семидесятилетней давности может нам больше сказать о том, как уходит тирания, чем всякие исследования революций и государственных переворотов.
Смерть диктатора 5 марта 1953 года «разморозила» элиты, в которых давно уже назревал внутренний конфликт. Сталинское общество лишь казалось монолитным из-за того, что всякое проявление личного мнения могло стоить жизни маршалу, министру или даже секретарю ЦК КПСС. На самом деле к тому времени уже ушла в прошлая эпоха сплоченного революционными боями «ордена меченосцев» (как называл партию Сталин), и возникло множество групп со своими интересами, как идеологическими, так и материальными. Эти группы тут же вступили между собой в острую схватку. Похожим образом обстояло дело, кстати, и после смерти Петра I, и после кончины Ленина, и после ухода Брежнева в мир иной. Вероятность сохранения сплоченной элиты в таких случаях крайне мала, а вероятность разрастания внутриэлитного конфликта велика. Когда наши уши обвешаны пропагандистской лапшой, авторитарное общество нам представляется единой, сплоченной империей зла. Но когда мы серьезно изучаем историю, стряхивая лапшу с ушей, ситуация предстает совершенно иной. За смертью диктатора идут перемены, причем обеспечивают их его бывшие приближенные, а вовсе не тайные подпольщики.
Внутриэлитный конфликт после смерти Сталина не привел к демократизации, поскольку в 1950-е гг. в СССР было много марксистов и почти не было сторонников буржуазной демократии. Но он обеспечил, как минимум, две больших трансформации. Во-первых, расколотые элиты пришли к выводу об опасности репрессий сталинского масштаба, поскольку никто не мог быть уверен в том, что не проиграет в очередной схватке и не попадет под расправу. Во-вторых, элиты сошлись на том, что при любом политическом раскладе надо отказываться от сверх высоких темпов милитаризации и возвращаться к обеспечению народа хотя бы элементарными потребительскими благами. Началось жилищное строительство. Распахали целину. Импортировали хлеб. Развернули науку лицом к гражданскому производству.
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